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&#; Rigid tube endoscope: The main body of the mirror body cannot be bent or twisted, and the depth and distance of the rigid tube endoscope entering the body are much lower than those of the flexible tube endoscope.
&#; Flexible tube endoscope: the first standard of cavity mirror with soft and flexible body.
&#; Rigid tube endoscope: According to the structure, it can be divided into straight rod non-separable tube endoscope, straight rod separable tube endoscope, curved tube non-separable tube endoscope and curved tube separable tube endoscope four categories. Various types of rigid endoscope structures generally include an outer scope tube (or sheath), a scope body, a light guide beam interface, an eye end nozzle, and an imaging interface part.
Unlike flexible tube endoscopes, some rigid tube endoscopes have no instruments and water gas channels, such as laparoscopy, thoracoscopy, mediastinoscopy, arthroscopy, etc. All kinds of operating instruments need to enter the body cavity through another incision to complete the operation under the monitoring and cooperation of rigid endoscope.
&#; Flexible tube endoscope: generally includes the following basic structures: a front end, a bending part, an insertion tube, a manipulation part, an eye receiving part and an imaging interface part. The front end part is a rigid part, and the end surface is provided with a plurality of cavities and window surfaces, which are respectively an outlet hole for water supply and air supply, an outlet hole for biopsy forceps, an objective lens and a light guide window.
The water and air supply is a common outlet. When gas is injected, the gas enters the human body cavity from this hole to expand the cavity; when water is injected, the water comes out of this hole to wash the objective lens surface and the surgical field of vision, so that the field of view is kept clear. The outlet hole of negative pressure suction and biopsy forceps is the same nozzle. When too much liquid in the cavity hinders observation, press the suction button, and the liquid can be sucked into the suction bottle through this hole. Biopsy forceps and other therapeutic instruments also enter the body cavity through this hole.
The bending part is located between the front end and the insertion tube, and is composed of many annular parts to form a coiled tube, and each pair of adjacent annular parts can move in all directions. The insertion tube is also called the mirror body or the hose part, and the inside is all kinds of pipes and wires. The operation part includes angle control knob, suction valve button, water and air supply button and biopsy tube opening. The operator can operate various buttons here to complete endoscopy and treatment.
&#; Rigid tube endoscope: It mainly enters the sterile tissues and organs of the human body or enters the sterile chamber of the human body through a surgical incision, such as laparoscope, thoracoscope, arthroscope, intervertebral disc mirror, ventriculoscope, etc.
&#; Flexible tube endoscope: It mainly completes the examination, diagnosis and treatment through the natural orifices of the human body. Such as gastroscope, colonoscopy, laryngoscope, bronchoscope, etc. mainly enter the human body through the human digestive tract, respiratory tract and urinary tract.
Hysteroscopy, cystoscopy and colonoscopy all have flexible and rigid scopes.
The move towards minimally invasive surgical procedure has brought about a host of different of diagnosing and treating many conditions using scopes.
There are 2 main types of surgical scopes:
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Direct visualisation of a diseased area inside the body can be achieved by using a telescope or tube passed through a natural orifice or through a small incision in the skin. This may be rigid employing a series of lenses, or flexible employing optic fibres to convey the illuminating light, and to convey the image to the eyepiece.
The endoscope is often fitted with one or more extra channels through which operating instruments may be passed such as electrosurgery probes, or manipulating, grasping or crushing forceps. These channels may also be used for delivering fluids or gas, providing suction, or passing sampling catheters or laser light pipes.
In general, htese procedures allow only for the observation of the larynx along a vertical axis. This has limitations concerning diagnosis, physiopathological interpretation of diseases, treatment and follow-up.
Research work on laryngeal microanatomy reinforces the need to assess the larynx in different perspectives to improve the evaluation of pathology. This led to the systematic use of rigid endoscopes with different angles of vision (0º, 30º, 70º and 120º) during microlaryngoscopy, performed with conventional endotracheal intubation.
Rigid Endoscopy associated with Microlaryngeal Surgery (REMS) significantly enhances the ability to assess the endolarynx, offers high quality imaging even of regions that are traditionally difficult to explore: the inferior surface and free border of the vocal cord, the anterior commissure, ventricle and subglottis.
In the case of flexible endoscopes the operating handle may also include controls for manipulating the tip to the site required.
There is almost no part of the body not accessible for endoscopic viewing or treatment, and typical sites include the ear, throat, urinary tract, lungs, intestines and abdominal cavity.
This is a means of viewing the cervix, vagina and/or vulva with a microscope.
The microscope does not go inside you. By using the microscope and a special wash solution (weak vinegar), the physician may be able to identify any abnormal cells. This examination is called colposcopy.
Laparoscopy is direct visualisation of the peritoneal cavity, ovaries, outside of the tubes and uterus by using a laparoscope. The laparoscope is an instrument somewhat like a miniature telescope with a fibre optic system which brings light into the abdomen. It is about as big around as a fountain pen and twice as long.
An instrument to move the uterus during surgery will be placed in the vagina. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is put into the abdomen through a special needle that is inserted just below the navel. This gas helps to separate the organs inside the abdominal cavity, making it easier for the physician to see the reproductive organs during laparoscopy. The gas is removed at the end of the procedure.
This is a new minimally invasive diagnostic surgical procedure uses telescopes and instruments that are much smaller than normal. If this procedure is appropriate for the condition, smaller incisions will be made and postoperative abdominal tenderness may be reduced.
Endoscopy is a medical procedure that enables a physician to look at the gastrointestinal tract with a flexible instrument called an endoscope. Endoscopic procedures are used to diagnose ailments, to screen for diseases such as colorectal cancer, to remove foreign bodies, and to treat many diseases and conditions of the GI tract, bile duct and pancreas.
Colonoscopy enables the doctor to examine the lining of the colon (large intestine) for abnormalities by inserting a flexible tube as thick as a finger into the anus and slowly advancing it into the rectum and colon.
In general, the preparation consists of either consuming a large volume of a special cleansing solution or clear liquids and special oral laxatives. The colon must be completely clean for the procedure to be accurate and complete. Colonoscopy is well-tolerated and rarely causes much pain. The patient might feel pressure, bloating or cramping during the procedure. A sedative to may be given to help relax the patient and therefore better tolerate any discomfort. The procedure itself usually takes 15 to 60 minutes.
If the doctor thinks an area needs further evaluation, he or she might pass an instrument through the colonoscope to obtain a biopsy (a sample of the colon lining) to be analysed. Biopsies are used to identify many conditions, and the doctor might order one even if he or she doesn't suspect cancer. If colonoscopy is being performed to identify sites of bleeding, the doctor might control the bleeding through the colonoscope by injecting medications or by coagulation (sealing off bleeding vessels with heat treatment). The doctor might also find polyps during colonoscopy, and he or she will most likely remove them during the examination. These procedures don't usually cause any pain.
Polyps are abnormal growths in the colon lining that are usually benign (noncancerous). They vary in size from a tiny dot to several inches. The doctor can't always tell a benign polyp from a malignant (cancerous) polyp by its outer appearance, so he or she might send removed polyps for analysis. Because cancer begins in polyps, removing them is an important means of preventing colorectal cancer. The doctor might destroy tiny polyps by fulguration (burning) or by removing them with wire loops called snares or with biopsy instruments. He/She may also use a technique called "snare polypectomy" to remove larger polyps. That technique involves passing a wire loop (snare) through the colonoscope and removing the polyp from the intestinal wall using an electrical current. The patient should feel no pain during the polypectomy.
Flexible sigmoidoscopy lets the doctor examine the lining of the rectum and a portion of the colon (large intestine) by inserting a flexible tube about the thickness of a finger into the anus and slowly advancing it into the rectum and lower part of the colon.
In general, preparation consists of one or two enemas prior to the procedure but could include laxatives or dietary modifications as well. However, in some circumstances the doctor might advise you to forgo any special preparation.
Flexible sigmoidoscopy is usually well-tolerated. The patient might experience a feeling of pressure, bloating or cramping during the procedure. The patient lies on their side while the doctor advances the sigmoidoscope through the rectum and colon. As the doctor withdraws the instrument, he will carefully examine the lining of the intestine.
If the doctor sees an area that needs further evaluation, he might take a biopsy (sample of the colon lining) to be analysed. Biopsies are used to identify many conditions, and he might order one even if he or she doesn't suspect cancer.
If the doctor finds polyps, he or she might take a biopsy of them as well. Polyps, which are growths from the lining of the colon, vary in size and types. Polyps known as "hyperplastic" might not require removal, but benign polyps known as "adenomas" are potentially precancerous. The doctor might ask the patient to have a colonoscopy (a complete examination of the colon) to remove any large polyps or any small adenomas.
After the procedure, the patient might feel bloating or some mild cramping because of the air that was passed into the colon during the examination. This will disappear quickly when they pass gas. Rectal bleeding can occur several days after the biopsy.
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