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A TikTok influencer grins into the camera. Shirtless, his bronzed skin contrasts on a light background.
&#;Let&#;s talk about Melanotan-II and the wonders it did for me,&#; he says in the video over upbeat music.
&#;Essentially what this stuff is going to do is allow you to get way tanner, way quicker.&#;
This is one of many similar videos promoting the drug Melanotan-II found on TikTok, Instagram and other social media platforms. And despite the drug being banned in Australia, it is easy to find websites where you can buy Melanotan-II as a nasal spray or injectable vial, and have it delivered to your home.
Dubbed the &#;Barbie drug&#;, Melanotan-II promises users a rapid tan without long hours in the sun. This, along with other effects including weight loss, has contributed to strong interest in Melanotan-II online.
However, Melanotan-II is far from a harmless drug. Medical experts from UNSW Sydney warn that Melanotan-II can cause serious side effects, and potentially even cause melanoma.
Melanotan-II is a synthetic version of α-Melanocyte-stimulating-hormone (α-MSH), which is produced in the pituitary gland of the brain and is naturally present in our bodies. The α-MSH acts on specialised skin cells responsible for producing pigment.
The drug hacks the body&#;s regulation of pigment cells, tricking the body into tanning itself.
&#;In our skin, we have pigment cells and we have hormones that regulate the activity of those pigment cells. So what Melanotan-II does is mimic the action of those hormones and upregulate the activity of our pigment cells,&#; said Associate Professor Deshan Sebaratnam, who is a dermatologist at Liverpool Hospital and Conjoint Associate Professor at UNSW Medicine & Health.
&#;It means that our pigment cells produce more melanin and that&#;s what gives you your tan.&#;
If injected or used as a nasal spray, Melanotan-II can cause dramatic skin darkening in just days. The drug can also suppress appetite and lead to weight loss, another effect that some users find desirable.
Serious safety concerns have surrounded Melanotan-II since it was first developed at the University of Arizona in the s. Chief among those is the drug&#;s potential to induce melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer.
&#;You&#;re stimulating pigment cells with Melanotan-II. If you do that enough, you can cause abnormal proliferation of the cells,&#; said Dr John Frew, who is a dermatologist at Liverpool Hospital and Conjoint Senior Lecturer at UNSW Medicine & Health. &#;And this can jumpstart the progression to the possible development of melanoma.&#;
Previous case reports have shown some Melanotan-II users develop skin-based complications, including melanoma, however the evidence is still limited.
&#;Case reports have described melanomas emerging from existing moles either during or shortly after the use of Melanotan-II,&#; said Professor Bernard Stewart from UNSW Medicine & Health, who is an internationally recognised expert in environmental carcinogenesis (cancer causation). &#;However, evidence for causal associations is lacking&#; Definitive proof is yet to be established.&#;
Another lesser-known danger of Melanotan-II is its neurological effects. As well as affecting pigment cells in the skin, the drug can bind to receptors in the brain and influence processes like appetite and sexual function.
&#;There are a few strange neurological effects reported with Melanotan-II. Typically, the nausea, vomiting and facial flushing are more prominent&#; There are also reports of priapism [prolonged erections] and yawning,&#; Dr Frew said.
Melanotan-II is not approved for use in Australia by the Therapeutics Goods Administration (TGA).
According to a TGA spokesperson, &#;its development as a potential medicine was halted some years ago due to safety reasons.&#;
And yet, some Australians continue to use Melanotan-II for tanning, despite continued warnings from the TGA. This could be driven by the numerous endorsements and testimonials from users on social media platforms including TikTok and Instagram.
Advertising and supplying Melanotan-II to the public are illegal and the TGA says it is working with social media and digital platforms to address allegedly unlawful advertising by users.
A TikTok spokesperson said at the time of the latest TGA warning that videos promoting or selling nasal tanning sprays and melanotan breached the platform&#;s rules and had been removed.
&#;We have also banned hashtags including #tanningnasalspray #melanotan and #melanotan2.&#;
Meta, which owns Instagram, also prohibits content on its platforms which promotes illegal products, though videos featuring Melanotan-II continue to appear, with measures taken to avoid the restrictions such as using generic hashtags like #tanning.
Dr Frew said that questions remain about how to protect social media users from the advertising of illegal and harmful products, and the responsibilities of social platforms.
&#;The reach of the TGA is obviously quite limited in terms of what happens on TikTok and Instagram. That&#;s a big problem with no clear solution.&#;
In many Western cultures, tanned skin is often perceived as attractive. More than 10 million Americans use indoor tanning methods, such as tanning lamps or tanning beds, to darken their skin. Though many people like how their skin looks when it&#;s bronzed, tanning has no health benefits.
Overexposure to ultraviolet light, which is naturally found in sunlight and also used in indoor tanning methods, can damage your skin and increase your risk of developing skin cancer.
According to the American Academy of Dermatology, just one indoor tanning session can increase your risk of developing melanoma by 20 percent, basal cell carcinoma by 29 percent, and squamous cell carcinoma by 67 percent.
As more people realize the potential dangers of tanning, they&#;ve started looking for alternatives, such as tanning injections. Tanning injections mimic a hormone in your body that causes your skin to produce a pigment called melanin.
But these injections are currently illegal to buy in the United States and are linked to potentially serious side effects.
Keep reading to find out how tanning injections work and why you should avoid them to protect your health.
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Tanning injections come in two forms: melanotan I and melanotan II. Both types of injections work by replicating alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in your body. This hormone binds to melanocortin receptors and stimulates the production of the pigment melanin in your skin cells. The more melanin your skin cells produce, the darker your skin appears.
Melanotan I lasts longer in your body than melanotan II before being broken down by enzymes. Melanotan I is known as afamelanotide when used medically.
Afamelanotide is sold under the brand name Scenesse, and it&#;s used to prevent phototoxicity in people with a condition called erythropoietic protoporphyria. People with this rare genetic disorder experience severe pain when their skin is exposed to sunlight and some artificial lights.
Melanotan II binds with a wider range of receptors than melanotan I and has a shorter life in your body. It can also cross your blood-brain barrier, which can cause side effects like appetite loss, sexual dysfunction, and fatigue. Melanotan II is not currently used to treat any medical conditions.
Both melanotan I and melanotan II are unregulated and often sold illegally online. Online retailers aren&#;t monitored by any governing health organization, so there&#;s a high risk that products have been mislabeled or contain impurities. One small study found that melanotan II bought from two different vendors contained between 4.1 to 5.9 percent impurities.
One of the biggest concerns around tanning injections is that they&#;re unregulated. Without proper regulation, there&#;s no guarantee that the product you&#;re using has been properly labeled. Plus, the long-term effects of using melanotan I and melanotan II remain largely unknown.
In one observational survey, researchers questioned 21 volunteers who had used melanotan in the past, were actively using it at the time of the survey, or were considering using it in the future. The researchers found that the most common side effects were:
In the s, one of the researchers involved in the development of melanotan II self-described himself as a &#;human guinea pig&#; when he injected himself with it. After accidentally injecting double the intended dose, he experienced an 8-hour erection, nausea, and vomiting.
Melanotan use has been linked to the following conditions. More research is needed, though, before researchers can definitively say that melanotan causes these conditions.
A case study describes a man who experienced acute priapism after injecting himself with melanotan. Priapism is a prolonged and painful erection caused by excessive blood flow. The man was admitted to the hospital but didn&#;t require surgery. At a 4-week follow-up, he still hadn&#;t recovered erectile function.
More research needs to be done before scientists can confirm whether melanotan increases your risk of developing skin cancer. Still, this remains one of the biggest concerns around the use of tanning injections.
According to a review, there are at least four case reports of melanoma emerging from moles after the use of melanotan. There&#;s also some evidence that melanotan use is linked to the emergence of new moles.
In one of the case studies, a 20-year-old woman was referred to a dermatology clinic after developing a jet-black mark over her glute that was later diagnosed as melanoma. She had been injecting melanotan II every other day for 3 to 4 weeks.
According to a review, melanotan II has been linked to a potentially life threatening condition called renal infarction. Renal infarction develops when blood flow to your kidneys is blocked. It has a mortality rate of about 11.4 percent within the first month of diagnosis.
Tanning injections come with the same risks as other forms of injections if they&#;re not properly prepared, such as:
Melanotan I and melanotan II are illegal to purchase in the United States and the United Kingdom. Despite this, they are still widely sold on the internet or at health clubs and gyms.
Afamelanotide is an orphan drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration. It&#;s used for the treatment of the rare genetic disorder erythropoietic protoporphyria.
All melanin injections are unsafe when used for the purpose of changing skin color. Melanin injections are unregulated and have the potential to cause life threatening side effects. Illegally purchased injections bought online may be mislabeled or contain impurities that could be seriously harmful to your health.
Tanned skin is considered attractive in many Western cultures. But most methods of darkening your skin increase your risk of skin cancer and offer no health benefits.
Tanning injections darken your skin by replicating a hormone in your body that stimulates the production of melanin in your skin. All forms of tanning injections are currently illegal to purchase in the United States.
Tanning injections aren&#;t regulated, and there&#;s little research on their long-term effects. Some research suggests that they may increase your risk of developing skin cancer.
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