What are the manufacturing processes for aluminum?

Selecting the fabrication process for your next project can be as important as choosing the base material. If you’ve decided you want to use aluminum, you’ve likely realized there are several different ways to fabricate it. And each fabrication method may affect its physical properties and your production costs.

This article provides an overview of four of the most commonly used aluminum fabrication methods: extrusion, casting, rolling, and forging. Familiarizing yourself with these will give you a better idea of which is most appropriate for your situation.

What is Aluminum Fabrication?

An aluminum fabrication process is any method used to form aluminum into a specific shape. These techniques can involve a wide array of physical and chemical procedures that give aluminum varying physical properties.

Aluminum fabrication techniques can be drastically different. Therefore, the physical properties of the resulting pieces vary significantly from one process to the next. Consequently, it is crucial to understand the differences between these fabrication methods as some of their characteristics will be the primary driver in choosing the appropriate process.

For example, some parts can only be made through a specific technique that provides the desired characteristics like strength or shape. Or maybe two processes can effectively create a part, but one creates a surface finish that is not ideal. The cost and rate of production can also be important factors when deciding on a specific process.

4 Aluminum Fabrication Processes You Should Know About

Four of the most common aluminum forming processes are extrusion, casting, rolling, and forging. Each of these employs a different technique and conveys unique properties to the aluminum. As a result, product designers can use them for different types of parts and applications.

#1 Aluminum Extrusion

In this process, a powerful ram pushes a heated aluminum billet through a die that has the desired final cross-section form. We can liken this process to the way children play with play-dough, creating a long strand of the putty by pushing it through a plastic die, or the way you push toothpaste out of a tube with a circular shape.

The resulting aluminum extrusion will have the cross-section of the die, which can have a vast assortment of forms, including solid, hollow, and semi-hollow shapes. Furthermore, these profiles can be cut at any length, making extrusion the perfect method to create complex cross-sections at a relatively low production cost.

In addition, extrusions have a consistently smooth surface finish that is perfect for further processing to enhance their appearance and prevent corrosion.

If you would like to know more, read our article about the aluminum extrusion process.

#2 Aluminum Casting

Casting is a process that is great for forming aluminum into very complex shapes. The technique involves completely melting ingots of aluminum alloys and injecting the liquid metal into a mold.

The poured metal fills the empty cavity completely and then solidifies to create a perfect aluminum duplicate of the mold’s internal shape. Casting can be done using several different mold types, including dies and permanent molds, clay molds, and sand molds.

The parts produced using casting often require minimal additional machining. And if you use steel dies, you can repeat the process many times before replacing the die.

One of the main advantages of using die casting is the complexity of the parts it produces. This complexity is unparalleled by other aluminum forming processes, and it gives you options for different textures with almost no size limitations.

For more information, please visit our ‘What is Aluminum Die Casting’ article.

#3 Rolling Aluminum

The aluminum rolling process involves passing slabs or billets of aluminum alloys through different sets of rolls to reduce their thickness. This process repeats until the aluminum reaches its final form, resulting in a piece that will be considered a plate, sheet, or foil, depending on the thickness.

The aluminum plates, sheets, and foils produced by aluminum rolling have great versatility. Fabricators can further process them, performing operations such as bending, forming, or machining. For example, they can use rolled aluminum to produce beverage and food cans, aluminum roofing and gutters, and household aluminum foil.

If you’re interested in learning more about roll-forming aluminum, take a look at our ‘What is the Aluminum Rolling Process’ article.

#4 Forging Aluminum

Forging involves forming metal by pressing, pounding, or squeezing it to achieve the desired form. The producer heats a slab of aluminum and uses a press or hammer to change its shape.

Aluminum can be forged using an open or closed die. Closed dies include two halves that reflect the product’s final shape, similar to casting dies. Open dies do not constrain the aluminum slab, so as it is pressed or hammered in one direction, it can expand in the others. Manufacturers generally use open die forging for very large pieces.

Parts produced by forging have great fatigue and impact resistance thanks to the strengthening imparted by the processing technique.

Which Aluminum Fabrication Process Should You Choose?

The best forming process will be the one that offers the best characteristics according to your project.

• If you want fast production and a wide variety of design options with an excellent surface finish, you may wish to use aluminum extrusion.
• If you want a simple, inexpensive process to obtain complex shapes, aluminum die casting might be for you.
• If obtaining a sheet, plate, or foil of aluminum for further processing meets your needs, aluminum rolling might be the better forming option.
• If your product requires impact and fatigue resistance above else, forging could be appropriate.

And if you need assistance to manufacture your custom aluminum part, please reach out to discuss your project.

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